天山北坡不同区域及海拔对天然草地鸭茅群落物种种间关系影响

以天山北坡不同区域与海拔地段鸭茅群落主要物种为研究对象,采用邻接格子样方法测定鸭茅群落物种优势度,通过方差比率计算、χ²检验、联结指数即秩相关分析种间联结性,分析鸭茅群落主要优势物种在群落中的分布及优势物种鸭茅与其他物种之间的关系,探讨区域与海拔梯度变化对鸭茅群落物稳定性的影响。结果表明,1)东、西两段山地鸭茅群落主要物种种间联结性在海拔1800~2200 m间呈现出由正关联逐渐向负关联过渡,群落稳定性有随海拔升高呈逐渐减弱趋势。2)联结系数及联结指数结果均说明不同区域与海拔梯度对的鸭茅群落物种间的联结程度有一定影响,但均表现不强,而处于弱联结的较多或无联结,群落中各物种间较松散。3)鸭茅种群与群落内其他种之间的相关性有时呈正联结,有时呈负联结,这与区域与海拔地段所处的环境因素存在异质性有关。研究结果为揭示影响鸭茅群落物稳定性因素,预测鸭茅种群动态和种间竞争与共存机制提供重要的理论依据。     

Mapping genomic regions for reproductive traits in beef cattle: Inclusion of the X chromosome

Although the second largest chromosome of the genome, the X chromosome is usually excluded from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Considering the presence and importance of genes on this chromosome that are involved in reproduction, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of its inclusion in GWAS on reproductive traits (scrotal circumference [SC], early pregnancy [P16] and age at first calving [AFC]) in a Nelore herd. Genotype data from 3,263 animals with the above-mentioned phenotypes were used. The results showed an increase in the variances explained by the autosomal markers for all traits when the X chromosome was not included. For SC, there was an increase of more than 10% for the windows on chromosomes 2 and 6. For P16, the effect was increased by almost 20% for windows on chromosome 5. The same pattern was found for AFC, with an increase of more than 10% for the most important windows. The results indicate that the noninclusion of the X chromosome can overestimate the effects of autosomes on SC, P16 and AFC not only because of the additive effect of the X chromosome itself but also because of its epistatic effect on autosomal genes.     

Practical capability of a DNA pool‐based genome‐wide association study using BovineSNP50 array in a cattle population

Genome‐wide association mapping for complex traits in cattle populations is a powerful, but expensive, selection tool. The DNA pooling technique can potentially reduce the cost of genome‐wide association studies. However, in DNA pooling design, the additional variance generated by pooling‐specific errors must be taken into account. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate factors such as: (i) the accuracy of allele frequency estimation; (ii) the magnitude of errors in pooling construction and in the array; and (iii) the effect of the number of replicate arrays on P‐values estimated by a genome‐wide association study. Results showed that the Illumina correction method is the most effective method to correct the allele frequency estimation; pooling errors, especially array variance, should be taken into account in DNA pooling design; and the risk of a type I error can be reduced by using at least two replicate arrays. These results indicate the practical capability and cost‐effectiveness of pool‐based genome‐wide association studies using the BovineSNP50 array in a cattle population.     

5个草地型草地牧草的生长速率和养分动态研究

在牧草生长季节(5~9月)对小哨牧场放牧演替形成的5个草地型草地的牧草进行生长速率、牧草产量及养分的逐月观测,生长速率测定显示,白三叶+东非狼尾草和东非狼尾草+非洲狗尾草两个草地型草地均出现两个生长峰值,分别在6月和9月,其余3个草地型草地只有一个生长高峰。干物质产量和牧草养分测定结果表明,白三叶+东非狼尾草和白三叶+非洲狗尾草+画眉草两种草地型草地表现最好,可以在气候环境条件类似的地区推广种植利用;白三叶+画眉草和白三叶+非洲狗尾草两种草地型草地表现优良,可以在草地改良中,根据当地实际情况选择性地加以种植;东非狼尾草+非洲狗尾草型草地表现较差,不提倡种植。     

深厚砂砾石地基墙幕结合防渗体系搭接长度优化研究

目前深厚砂砾石地基墙幕结合防渗体系普遍采用10m的经验搭接长度,针对搭接长度在设计中偏于保守的现状,结合新疆下坂地水利枢纽工程,采用了有限元数值模拟计算和归一化处理的方法,在防渗体系不同深度布置尺寸和搭接长度的情况下,建立有限元数值计算模型,对防渗墙的受力和位移进行研究分析,计算分析出新疆下坂地墙幕结合防渗体系优化搭接长度度值,并总结出墙幕优化搭接长随防渗墙修建深度的变化规律,为深厚砂砾石地基墙幕结合防渗体系的设计和施工提供一定的参考。     

我国西部地区节水型稻作的问题与对策

介绍了我国西部地区粮食与水稻生产的基本情况,分析了西南和西北稻作生产的主要优势条件与制约因素,在此基础上着重阐述西部发展节水型稻作的潜力、存在的主要问题及技术需求,探讨了西部地区未来水(旱)稻节水技术的发展方向、目标和研究的重点课题。     

竖井贯流泵能量特性试验研究

结合江苏某竖井贯流式泵站，对两种不同转轮在相同进、出水流道情况下进行了能量特性试验研究．试验研究表明，竖井贯流式水泵在超低扬程(1—2m)的调水工程中具有很好的水力性能，其模型泵装置的最高效率达69％左右，该项试验研究为今后竖井贯流泵的进一步开发研究获得了良好的开端．     

降低170F1风冷柴油机喷油嘴热负荷的试验研究

在170F1柴油机上采用惯性增压、优化冷却系统等措施进行降低喷油嘴热负荷的试验研究工作：利用热电偶实测不同方案下喷油嘴、气缸盖的温度分布,研究燃烧过程、冷却系统等因素对喷油嘴热负荷的影响,得到了降低该柴油机喷油嘴热负荷的方案,当采用优化冷却系统的措施时可使喷油嘴高温处温度降低13.7℃,其温度梯度、圆周温差也均有改善。     

卷管式喷灌机绞盘速度自动控制系统的研究

在实时控制理论的基础上,针对现有绞盘卷管式喷灌机喷头小车随绞盘速度的变化而变化并最终影响喷灌均匀性的问题,设计了一种由8051芯片构成的智能控制系统,给出了其软硬件系统实现的方案,并对该系统效率进行了分析.研究表明,该系统实现了对绞盘卷管式喷灌机绞盘速度的自动控制,有效地控制了喷头小车的行走速度,可大大地提高绞盘卷管式喷灌机的喷灌均匀性和自动化程度,具有很好的应用及推广价值.     

煤层气发动机工作特性的试验研究

为了解涡流室式煤层气发动机的工作特性和排放规律,在不同负荷下,进行了燃用三种不同甲烷浓度的煤层气试验。试验结果显示:涡流室式燃烧系统能稳定燃烧甲烷浓度变化剧烈的煤层气;相同工况下,发动机的缸内峰值压力随甲烷浓度的降低而增加,但压力升高率的变化很小;甲烷浓度达到一定值时,甲烷浓度和负荷对主燃期的影响很小;煤层气发动机的CO和HC排放随甲烷浓度和负荷的增加而降低,NOx排放则相反。